Retro-Jurassic Park : Vision of Dinosaurs of The Past

This weekend, my two companions at Heritage Park, Jeff and Dan, found an odd book on dinosaurs for sale. It was in the general store, and despite the fact that the park is about the old Canadian West post 1870s, the dino book was there. They started to jump around their flights of fancy, as both are artist, and asked, "How cool would it be to have the film Jurassic Park re-made with the vision of what the dinosaurs looked like in the past? Retro-Dinos!"

I'm no film maker, but as a historian, I can dig up (he-he pun) some bones to show you.

Just laying around catching rays.

Let's start with one of the first public displays of dinosaurs ever done. The Crystal Palace Dinosaurs were a series of sculptures of extinct animals and dinos in the Crystal Palace Park in London. Built in 1852-54, these are the first dinosaur sculptures in the world. They still exist and can be seen in a part in Bromley. No, these guys are not up to date, but they would have looked cool on screen. Here's a cool short film on them from 1922.

Because it's always cool to scare the crap out of your kid.

Maybe on would be Gertie the Dinosaur - It was made in 1914 by Winsor Makay and is the first time a dinosaur appears in film.

 

Very adorable, she dances and is very sweet. Completely unlike the fellow below:

Whales with teeth: try and kill this Japanese Whalers!

The painting above is of a Basilosaurus (Zeuglodon) “Whales of the Eocene Seas” by Charles R. Knight (1874-1953). He is famous for his ground-breaking depictions of dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals, and wildlife in general. Millions of people are exposed annually to this artist's works in major institutions around the world including the American Museum of Natural History, the Field Museum of Natural History, and the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Knight is one of the reasons we see dinosaurs as we do.

The next one is very pretty from the late 1800s, where the timeline was pretty vague still on when human and dinosaurs lived. I like this one because the humans are very Greece-roman. The dino fighting for his life is a Plesiosaurus. It was mistakenly believed, and still is, by many that it is a dinosaur but it actually was a marine lizard. It also is a general classification for many of these lizards.

I'll get you, you cloth wearing fleshy things!

We've got some land ones, some in the water, so let's get one for the air. This weird looking thing is a Ramphorynchus, not a partially de-boned chicken. In 1869, french science writer Victor Meunier wrote an overview of extinct animals called L'Animaux d'Autrefois (Animals of the Past). Three years later, William Henry Davenport Adams published a translation of Meunier's text, expanded and revised for his English audience, called Life in the Primeval World. Adams writes that he believes it to be the first paleontology book published in English for a lay audience.The illustration below is from that book.

Turkey or reptile, your guess is as good as mine, but he's at least smiling.

Well, if anyone knows if there's going to be a Jurassic 10, let me know and I can send them this list.

Jim Keegstra: The 5Ws and one H of a Holocaust Denier

In school, I was taught the 5Ws of questioning: Who, What, Where, When, Why. We also never forgot their best friend How. How likes to saddle up with the others so that's the way I wrote my piece as well. Thanks to some great teachers I had, I've applied that to everything I read now, and also how I write a bit too. It helps me get down to the meat of the matter, and understand something quickly.

In dishonour of one so-called teacher, I now bring you the 5Ws and one H of  James ‘Jim’ Keegstra, a Canadian holocaust denier, who died last week on June 2 at the age of 80.

WHO: 

This guy in 1984: Bad tie included

Keegstra was a social studies high school teacher in Eckville, AB. He was born in 1934 in Vulcan. He was the son of Dutch immigrants who came to Alberta in 1928 and worked in various communities as hired farm hands.Keegstra married in 1956 and apprenticed as a mechanic before going to university to become a teacher. He taught in Cremona, Red Deer and Medicine Hat before moving to Eckville. He also served as a town councillor and mayor from 1974 to 1983 — when his views on the holocaust cost him a re-election.

WHAT: 

Keegstra made international headlines in 1983 when he was accused of teaching students that the history of the Holocaust was fraudulent, and that a Jewish conspiracy was responsible for many of the world’s problems.For those of you not familiar with the details of the Holocaust, go visit the US Holocaust Museum online. Keegstra had been teaching his anti-Semitic views to his social studies class for 14 years before a parent complained to the local school board about his lessons.

Former students later testified that he told them that Jews were responsible for human sacrifices during the French Revolution; that women’s liberation, abortion and atheism were part of a Jewish cabal; that the Vietnam War and the Watergate scandal were also caused by Jews, and that Pierre Trudeau had been groomed to obey the Jewish conspiracy. Disagreeing with him meant a failing grade. “If you wrote on the Jewish conspiracy … then you passed. If you wrote against it, then your mark wasn’t the best. Everyone knew it,” former student Blair Andrew told the court.

 

WHERE and HOW:

The area this all went down in Canada is really important. Alberta in the 1970s and 1980s was pretty redneck and racist, with a lot of Anti-Semetic groups putting roots down. I know because I lived there. If you weren't white and a protestant, you were pretty much on the outside. Which suited my family just fine. If you don't believe me, go read any of these articles provided by the University of Calgary. Southern Alberta where he was from was known as the bible belt. Very strong Christian organisations, that blamed Jews for the murder of Jesus, were in vogue there from the 1930s up until the 1990s, and still many operate there today. Eckville where this all went down did not have any synagogues or strong Jewish community living there. That would have made it very easy for someone like Keegstra to operate under the radar for years. And let's be honest: were the parents actually paying attention or knew about what there kids were learning? Did they care? That's a hard question to ask.

WHEN: 

It all went down in the big hair era

It began probably when he first started but for some reason (ahem inherited racism), these hateful views were largely ignored by the school principal. There were complaints about his teachings as early as 1978, but Keegstra was fired only in December, 1982 after some parents started realizing and complained to the school board and the Red Deer Advocate reported on it. In 1983, he was formally charged he was with unlawfully promoting hatred.

 In January 1984, Keegstra was stripped of his teaching certificate and charged with “...wilfully promoting hatred against an identifiable group” under the Criminal Code of Canada. Keegstra was convicted at his original trial and fined $5,000. His lawyers appealed the decision, arguing that the law was unconstitutional and that it violated provisions on freedom of expression in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. After multiple trials and appeals the case eventually reached the Supreme Court of Canada, who in 1990 and again in 1996 upheld Keegstra’s conviction in a landmark ruling that found that the Criminal Code section on public incitement of hatred did infringe on Charter rights, but that infringement was justified. Keegstra received a one-year suspended sentence, one year of probation, and community service.

WHY and HOW:

Not only why would he deny the holocaust, but why does what he did so important? The case focuses on two things. One: that despite overwhelming evidence, people have illogical views of historical events all the time. Through the 1980s and early 1990s, Keegstra and other deniers in Canada such as Ernst Zuendel and Malcolm Ross grabbed headlines. Overwhelming primary evidence was shown to these people, but their inability to look and evaluate their views in a logical way never happened. People cling desperately out of fear and hatred to ideas all the time. Foe Keegstra, his understanding of Christianity really affected him. “Here was a people who denied everything about Christ, yet they were called the chosen people. That is a contradiction,” he recalled in an interview with Saturday Night Magazine.

It also gives them attention too. As the courts in Canada debated, people on the street debated whether prosecuting them was necessary or only gave them a soapbox and the prestige of martyrdom. His lawyer Doug Christie, very much used the court case as a platform. During preliminary hearings, Christie refused to ask for a publication ban. Keegstra was in the witness box for 26 days, allowing him to expound at length about his theories and the pamphlets and books that inspired him.

That is the other issue: when does personal freedom of speech cross over into promoting hatred? We're all fuzzy on that, even the laws. It's the line drawing problem, according to Lawyer Richard Moon: 

"Madame Justice McLachlin, in her dissenting judgement in Keegstra, argued against the criminal restriction of hate promotion, not by focusing on the value of this expression, but rather by pointing out how difficult it is to draw a line separating hate promotion from other forms of expression...I suspect that the line-drawing problem is not, as Madame Justice McLachlin suggested, that the line between legitimate and illegitimate expression may be drawn in the wrong place by the legislature or the courts, or that even if the line is drawn in the right place, it may have a chilling effect on legitimate expression. The problem is, rather, that the distinction between what in her example is assumed to be legitimate expression and what is assumed to be illegitimate expression is not all that clear."

If one good thing came out of this case, it was Canada looking at its hate laws just a little harder. The landmark ruling that found that the Criminal Code section on public incitement of hatred did infringe on Charter rights, but that infringement was justified, has armed us with a loophole to go after people who promote hatred in this country.

And the footnote to all this? Keegstra never taught again. He became a custodian at an apartment complex and handyman, and disappeared really from the media.

But I will give the last word to the victims of the holocaust just to piss that old man off:

Here is Mr. Greenbaum.

Henry Greenbaum survived the Shoah and related his story of trying to escape a slave camp in Poland with his sister and a Jewish policeman in 1944. Please have a listen.

Dark Days: A Mercifully Short History on Mass Shootings

You're going to need to start with some bunnies for this to be ok.

For the past two weeks, the news has been extremely upsetting to me. First, the murder of six people and injuring of thirteen more as a gunman opened fire in Isla Vista, is hard to comprehend. I've been there and it's such a beautiful place, with great memories of beaches and waves. Second, three RCMP officers were murdered and others injured by a gunman here in Canada. The whole city of Moncton, New Brunswick was on lockdown as the police tried and finally arrested the alleged killer. Const. Dave Ross, 32, Const. Fabrice Georges Gevaudan, 45 and Const. Douglas James Larche, 40 were all killed.

Why and what drove these men to do what they did? That's always my first question. And I wonder how far back this sort of mass murder goes? Gun violence has existed for as long as the first one was invented, but the killing of large numbers of people in a public place appears to be a world-wide 20th century creation which has continued on through the next century.

The first recorded public shooting spree occurred in Germany in 1913. Ernst August Wagner killed his wife and four children, then set fires and shot another 20 people, 9 of which died. He was well educated and a teacher, but had a history of mental illness and depression, including trying to commit suicide multiple times. Wagner was found not guilty by reason of insanity. He was placed in an asylum and died there in 1938.

The Uiryeong Massacre in South Korea is one of the most devastating, and is the second largest known incident of a mass public shooting. On the 27 April 1983, Woo Bum-kon, after having a fight with his girlfriend and getting drunk, went to his work as a police officer and assembled an arsenal. He then killed 56 people, injured 35 others in a killing spree. Woo then blew himself up with the last three of his victims. A special committee was created to investigate the shooting and why the police had failed to stop him.

The most deadly has been the 2011 shooting in Norway. A lone political extremist bombed the government centre here on Friday, killing seven people, the police said, before heading to an island summer camp for young members of the governing Labour Party and killing at least 80 people.

For many Canadians, the incident in reminds them of their own tragedy: the ten minute shooting rampage at the Ecole Polytechnique in Montreal on 6 December 1989. A man shot and killed 14 women and injured 13 others. One reason cited: he was trying to get into the engineering school and was struggling. More pointedly, his suicide note stated that he hated women as feminists ruined his life. While this is cited as the major reason for the Montreal Massacre, he did not have a history of violence.

The only purpose in remembering these mass murders is to honour the dead, and try to prevent such disasters in the future. In the study, “Mass Shootings in America: Moving Beyond Newtown,” James Fox and Monica DeLateur, analyzed research and important statistics to debunk many common myths surrounding mass shootings:

Mass murderers snap and kill randomly - Mass murderers typically plan their assaults days, weeks, or months in advance. Their motives are most typically revenge, power, loyalty, terror, and profit

Mass shootings are on the rise - According to FBI data, over the past few decades there has been an average of 20 mass shootings a year in the U.S. 

There are telltale signs that can help us to identify mass murderers before they act - Murderers tend to be male Caucasians with psychological issues, but these characteristics apply to a very large portion of the population. 

Widening the availability of mental-health services will allow unstable individuals to get the treatment they need and decrease mass murders- Increasing mental health facilities may not reach those on the fringe who would turn to murder as many see the blame residing in others, not themselves.

Some of these ideas, however, are controversial. Here is a long list of links of research papers on the issue that might help you get your head around it.

Or, if you're like me, it's always going to be impossible to understand or comprehend.

Brain Freeze: The History of Ice Cream

What tastes better than knowledge?

It's the first really nice weekend in a while here at home. The sun was shinning and a middle-aged woman's fancy turns to ice cream. My fancy! We walked down to our local - Village Ice Cream -and had some amazingly awesome cones of happy. As usual, my brain started to over-think it and contemplate the myriad of things that came together to produce my Nutella-Caramel-Pralines ice cream.

Everything has a beginning - and that's where historical investigation comes in!

1930s picture of ice cream lovers - yes even your grandma does it!

The genesis of our modern ice creams were ice and snow in a cup sweetened with sugar and berries. It's been rumoured that Alexander the Great and Nero, Emperor of Rome, were said to have enjoyed a good icy desert or two. Some historians believe the Chinese have been freezing cream and eating it since 3000 BCE. We do know that in the Tang Dynasty (618 – 907 AD) the emperors enjoyed “a frozen milk-like confection.” It was made with cow, goat or buffalo milk, heated with flour, and camphor was added. Camphor is from pine trees so I'm imagining the first ice creams were very fresh and woody. The mixture was put into metal tubes and lowered into an ice pool until frozen.

Marco Polo meets an oddly white Khubilai Khan in China - ice cream not pictured.

With trade and contact between nations, comes the exchange of food and recipes. Italy seems to have jumped on the ice cream truck in the thirteenth century. The legend-tellers (people who fib a lot) have Marco Polo bring ice cream to Italy, but we know that's false cause the man probably had it before he left town to visit China.(Bet you it was Rocky Road). Again the ice cream was exactly what its name was: sweetened cream, set in a pot nestling in ice to cool it down.

We can still thank the Italian for giving the world ice cream. A steward to the rich and powerful, Antonio Latini (1642–1692), wrote down his recipe for sorbetto, or sorbet, the ice and sugar grandad to ice cream. He made the first milk-based sorbet, which culinary historians consider the first “official” ice cream, and gelato. (For more delicious details, see Jeri Quinzio's book Of Sugar and Snow: A History of Ice Cream Making.)

The idea spread to France, and they just had to one-up everyone:

"In 1768 there appeared in Paris what is undoubtedly the most outlandish treatise on the subject ever to be published. Called The Art of Making Frozen Desserts, it is a 240-page offering by one M. Emy, who not only gives formulas for "food fit for the gods," but offers theological and philosophical explanations for such phenomena as the freezing of water...Although frozen desserts were becoming common in regal circles, not until 1670 when the Cafe Procope opened in Paris did "iced creams" and sherbets spread to the masses."
---The Great American Ice Cream Book, Paul Dickson [Atheneum:New York] 1972 (p. 18-19) 

The Victorians liked to put their ice cream in molds - not sure what the one on the bottom is supposed to be: A fish?

And spread it did. Those fantastic people spread to England, then onto North America. In 1790, the first ice cream parlour opened in New York. But it was still hard to make, needing a great deal of ice from places like Canada and Norway, and not available to everyone. That changed in 1851 when Jacob Fussell, opened the first commercial ice cream plant in the world in America.

Thank you, Mr. Fusell. Bless you.

Here's an early ice cream recipe you might want to try:

"To make ice cream. Take two pewter basons, one larger than the other; the inward one must have a close cover, into which you are to put your cream, and mix it with raspberries, or whatever you like best, to give it a flavour and a colour. Sweeten it to your palate; then cover it close, and set it into the larger bason. Fill it with ice, and a handful of salt: let it stand in this ice three quarters of an hour, then uncover it, and stir the cream well together: cover it close again, and let is stand half an hour longer, after that turn it into your plate. These things are made at the pewterers."

---The Art of Cookery Made Plain & Easy, Hannah Glasse, facsimile of the first edition, 1747 [Prospect Books:Devon] 1995 (p. 168)


So enjoy your next ice cream scoop with the added sprinkles on top of knowledge. Mmmmm...crunchy knowledge.

Uncomfortable History: Racism and the Komagata Maru Incident

In Canada, we often like to slap our own backs a lot about how multicultural we are, how accepting we are of other peoples. Heck, since 1971 when our government declared multiculturalism a state goal, we've been saying how awesome we are.

Let's not forget our racist, imperialist past. 

Officials board the Maru 1914 - Vancouver Public Library

A hundred years ago this week, Canadians denied a ship load of immigrants because they were not white and they might be supporters of independence in Indian.

On May 23, 1914, The Komagata Maru from Hong Kong carrying 376 passengers, most being immigrants from Punjab, British India, arrived in Vancouver's Burrard Inlet. They wanted to challenge the Continuous Passage regulation, which stated that immigrants must "come from the country of their birth, or citizenship, by a continuous journey and on through tickets purchased before leaving the country of their birth, or citizenship." The regulation had been brought into force in 1908 in an effort to curb Indian immigration to Canada.

Why no Indians in Canada? To quote the 1923 Immigration Act, the desirable immigrants were in these two categories:

a) "Preferred Category": British and Americans, West Europeans. Example: the Empire Settlement Scheme, 1923.
b) "Acceptable Category" (although not "preferred"). immigrants in "sheep-skin coats". East Europeans (Russians, Ukrainians, Poles); South Europeans (Italians, Greeks, Spaniards). If they go West and farm, they will be accepted although considered "foreign", as long as they know "their place".

As a result, the Komagata Maru was denied docking by the authorities and only twenty returning residents, and the ship's doctor and his family were eventually granted admission to Canada. The ship was then escorted out of the harbour by the Canadian military on July 23, 1914 and forced to sail back to Budge-Budge, India where nineteen of the passengers were killed by gunfire upon disembarking and many others imprisoned.

What is rarely focused on in the may sources is the human drama unfolding and why would they even try to come to Canada, knowing they might be turned away. What makes people so desperate?

Baba Gurdit Singh - a nice man who clearly had enough

These were British subjects, but many were under the scrutiny of the British government. At the time in India, the call had gone out for independence. Some men on the boat were members of the Ghada Party. They conducted revolutionary activities in central Punjab and attempted to organize uprisings against the British overloads.

One member was Gurdit Singh. In 1911 he raised his voice against forced labour. He wrote to the Government complaining against officials who forced poor villagers to work for them without remuneration, and when he received no response, he exhorted the people of his village to refuse to be subjected to forced labour.

He's the one that chartered a Japanese ship, Kamagata Maru in 1914 to go to Canada.The obstructions put up by the alien authorities and the hardships faced by its passengers turned them into staunch nationalists.When it was turned back and reached Calcutta, the passengers were not allowed to enter Calcutta, they were rather ordered to board a Punjab-bound train especially arranged for the purpose. They refused to do and many of the passengers were shot dead. Gurdit Singh escaped and remained underground for many years till in 1920 on the advice of Mahatma Gandhi he made a voluntary surrender and was imprisoned for five years. After his release he settled down at Calcutta where he died in 1954.

Why did he do what he did? One quote sort of lets us know:

Memorial in Punjab to the people and to Singh

“The visions of men are widened by travel and contacts with citizens of a free country will infuse a spirit of independence and foster yearnings for freedom in the minds of the emasculated subjects of alien rule.”

~ Gurdit Singh

Perky History: Five Words in The History of Coffee

Let's start with a classic ad that's pure cheese, but it works. I can taste that coffee now!

Coffee is always in the news. Is it good for you? Is it ethical or is it made with the tears of starving children just so you can get a hit before crawling off to work?

What is this great black liquid that so many of us, including me, deeply enjoy? Coffee originated in Ethiopia, but the Arabic world was the first to cultivate and trade coffee. By the fifteenth century, coffee was being grown in the Yemen district of Arabia and by the sixteenth century it was known in Persia, Egypt, Syria and Turkey.

There's a huge amount of research out there on coffee and coffeehouses, but let's just hit five of the historic highlights below:

 

The Port of Mocha 1600s - world changing bean not pictured.

Mocha:

A type of bean native to Ethiopia and Yemen, Mocha was probably the first to be commercially cultivated. Legend states that the bean takes it name from the port city of Mocha, and that Marco Polo had a few sips in the Yemen port. He apparently bought some and bought them back to Europe. However, this is probably a nice story and that's it. More than likely traders brought it to Europe in the 1700s. Mocha originally did have a bit of a chocolate taste but that was for some stupid reason they bred it out of it. I like a complex note of yum.

Dutch East India Company: 

...or in Dutch the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, (VOC). Wow, no wonder they shortened it. The company was founded in 1602 and did well until they went bankrupt in 1799. When I say well, I mean the biggest global trading empire well. It also played politics brilliantly, and ended up becoming a colonial power in its own right. It was with great reluctance, however they decided to import commodities like tea, coffee, textiles and sugar. Why? Commodities had a lower profit margin than other goods, so they needed to sell a larger volume of things like coffee to make it worth their while. The Dutch East India Company realized that the hunger for coffee and tea was growing in Europe and they believed it would support their efforts. They were right and the company became the big supplier of coffee to Europe.

Plantations:

A lovely plantation Cafe Las Flores in Nicaragua - slaves or heavy labour by crying peasants not shown.

With the advent of so much trade in coffee, production needed to match demand. Coffee plantations in eastern Cuba and modern Haiti were some of the first. Coffee production was established in the island of Saint Domingue (Hispaniola) by French settlers in the 18th century. But this was no coffee guzzling paradise - these plantations were manned with slaves. With the uprising and eventual creating of an independent Haïti in 1804, the French plantation owners, dragging along their African slaves, went to Cuba, then under Spanish rule, to create plantations. They were to be joined by other coffee planters, from Metropolitan France and elsewhere, throughout the 19th century. In the late 19th century coffee production began in other parts of Latin America, such as Brazil, Colombia and Costa Rica. Large scale and intensive plantation production then extended to Hawaii. There's an awesome map by National Geographic of where you get your coffee from today.

Dating back to 1725, 'Sobrino de Botin' is the oldest working restaurant/cafe in the world -
bet your the coffee is awesome.

Cafe: 

Lots of coffeehouses existed in the Arab world in the 1500s, but it took another century until Europe figured it out. By 1700, there were 500 coffeehouses in London. Business, like today, was conducted in these houses. The London Stock Exchange and Lloyd's Insurance both got their start in the cafes. In France, cafes were central for the exchange of revolutionary ideas. Camille Desmoulins gave his compatriots a famous call to arms at Paris’s Cafe de Foy, two days before the storming of the Bastille. If coffee can do that for them, what can it do for you?

Khaldi (Kaldi)

The legend and the man behind it is a bit far afield. A humble goat herder in the Yemen/Ethiopia area in the 800s CE, Khaldi noticed his goats getting high on red berries. It looked like fun to him, since he must have been bored to death, and he chewed a few himself. Apparently it was so delightful he started frolicking with the goats. Supposedly he and the local leaders embraced the new bean. More than likely he and other headers knew it would help keep them awake to tend to their animals for a while. But what a nice story of dancing around with the help of coffee!

Goats not pictured - but did the camels partake as well?

Want more? Head over to listen to an NPR interview about the history and impact of coffee.

Good sipping to you.

These Amazing Shadows: World War I on Film Part 1

Canadian Soldiers being silly: you're going to need a bigger tank

For the rest of the year, I will try to post a topic or issue on World War I (The Great War) as 2014 is the 100 anniversary of the beginning of the war.

This first entry is on the first hand footage available. Thanks to the Internet, there exists a huge amount of accessible newsreels, stills and archival footage from the war 

The reason was not to be fascinated by the dead bodies, but to learn about a conflict that kicked off how we think of war, how we go to war, and how we use technology in war, which I'll argue in a future blog post.

It also cements in my mind that these are images of people who died in the war, who had families and loved ones, or who lived to be old men with the memories of war staying with them. I wonder if politicians watched more of these films if they would be so quick to send men to their deaths?

Personally, my great-grandfather and his brother fought in the war as a recent immigrant to Canada. He also fought in the South African war previously for the British. These archives gives me some sense of what he went though and what he had to do.

From Canadian War Museum, two nurses near the front in France, enjoying a nice day out?

The top five resources I found:

European Film Gateway has a primer on the war, some great links, and a good list of archival footage from around the world and includes both sides. Germany, Spain, Netherlands and British film archives are all listed here with easy to access links. Newsreels, feature films, propaganda, and archival footage are all there.

British Pathe holds an amazing collection of British archival footage, with some material focused on the Germans, Turkish and other nationalities involved in the war. Most are really short clips and you can purchase them if you need to for a course or lecture. My current favourite is actually after the war. The Greatest Pilgrimage 1928 is film of British Legionaries and family members visiting battlefields of France and Flanders. The look on some of these men's faces is of pure desolation.

National Film Board of Canada has released their collection of footage for the centennial. Almost all the films are of Canadian forces, with the bulk of the films covering the actual war. They also have films on training, and times before and after the war back in Canada. A highlight is the tons of fragmentary films of Canadian troops on the Western Front during the Battle of Arras, April 1917. Amid the explosions are so many great moments of warmth and camaraderie of the men in these films.

The Library of Congress researchers have complied a Web Guide to World War I materials, which includes films. This site takes a lot to get through as really it's just a list of their resources, but it's worth the time to go through their archives. My brain felt full afterwards which was awesome.

The CBC Digital Archives of World War I is impressive with clips from film and radio for you to listen to. Most of them have been packaged into actual programs to provide more context for you to watch.

One Extra...

RMS Olympic in Dazzle paint. Not a zebra but an idea for ship camo in WWI

BBC Online has made available interviews with British veterans and civilians about the first World War. These were conducted in the 1960s, and all 13 interviews are amazing first hand accounts, including women who were involved in some way in the war effort, which is a rare thing in archives I've found. One interview made me cry: Katie Morter lost her husband in the war. However - these are only uploadable if you live in the UK but some of them ended up on youtube.

Next time I'll talk about the top five most accurate but also good to watch documentaries on the war. Till then, I leave you with the song my grandma use to sing. She said she learned it as a kid during the war: "Pack Up Your Troubles In Your Old Kit Bag"